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H.R. 1: An act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14.

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H.R. 1: An act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14.

119th Congress · introduced 2025-05-20 · Economics and Public Finance · Latest: Became Public Law No: 119-21.

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Follow this bill, step by step

  1. Where it came from: introduced 2025-05-20 · official record
  2. Who proposed it: Rep. Arrington, Jodey C. [R-TX-19] · what a sponsor is
  3. What happened next: 47 recorded votes in our records. Latest: House roll call 190 (2025): On Motion to Concur in the Senate Amendment, H R 1 (2025-07-03), Passed. See all
  4. Where it stands now: Became Public Law No: 119-21. (final step reached)
  5. If it becomes law and spends money: follow the money to money laws, then agencies and contracts and grants.

What does this mean?

Official title

An act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14.

Plain summary

This bill reduces taxes, reduces or increases spending for various federal programs, increases the statutory debt limit, and otherwise addresses agencies and programs throughout the federal government. It is known as a reconciliation bill and includes legislation submitted by several congressional committees pursuant to provisions in the FY2025 congressional budget resolution (H Con. Res. 14) that directed the committees to submit legislation to the House or Senate Budget Committee that will increase or decrease the deficit and increase the statutory debt limit by specified amounts. (Reconciliation bills are considered by Congress using expedited legislative procedures that prevent a filibuster and restrict amendments in the Senate.) TITLE I--COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, NUTRITION, AND FORESTRY This title addresses a wide range of Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs, including by changing the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and extending programs authorized by the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (commonly known as the 2018 farm bill). Subtitle A--Nutrition (Sec. 10101) This section prohibits USDA from increasing the cost of the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) based on a reevaluation of the contents of the TFP (i.e., the market basket of goods). Further, any annual adjustment to the cost of the plan must be based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. As background, USDA created the TFP (the cost of purchasing a nutritionally adequate low-cost diet), which is used to determine maximum monthly benefits under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). USDA calculates the cost of the TFP each year to account for food price inflation. Maximum allotments are set at the monthly cost of the TFP for a four-person family, adjusted for family size. Under a provision of the 2018 farm bill, USDA must reevaluate the market basket of goods every five years based on current food prices, food composition data, consumption patterns, and dietary guidance. (Sec. 10102) This section expands the applicability of work requirements for SNAP recipients who are able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs). As background, these SNAP recipients have work-related requirements in addition to the general SNAP work registration and employment and training requirements. SNAP law limits benefits to ABAWDs to 3 months out of a 36-month period, unless the participant meets the additional work-related requirements. Specifically, the section amends the exemptions to this requirement. First, the section applies the work requirements for ABAWDs to adults who are not over 65 years old, whereas these requirements currently apply to adults who are not over 55 years old. Second, the ABAWD exemption for a parent or household member with responsibility for a dependent child is restricted to a dependent child under the age of 14. Currently, those with a child under the age of 18 are exempt from the requirements. This section includes an exception for individuals who are Indians, Urban Indians, or California Indians (as these terms are defined by the Indian Health Care Improvement Act). In addition, the section eliminates the current exemptions from the ABAWD work requirements for homeless individuals, veterans, and certain foster care individuals (those who are 24 years old or younger and were in foster care on the date of attaining 18 years of age or a higher age). Finally, this section modifies the ABAWD waiver program's allowable state exemptions. Under current law, an ABAWD waiver program allows state exemptions based on an area having an unemployment rate of over 10% or an insufficient number of jobs. The section allows Alaska and Hawaii to qualify for the state exemption with an unemployment rate that is at or above 1.5 times the national unemployment rate. Further, the section repeals the provision that allows a state exemption if that area does not have a sufficient number of jobs. (Sec. 10103) This section limits the availability of the Standard Utility Allowance (SUA) for determining SNAP income eligibility. Specifically, only households that include an elderly or disabled member may be considered automatically eligible for the SUA based on participation in the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) or a similar energy assistance program. As background, when determining a household’s eligibility for SNAP, states consider the total shelter costs for a household, including the cost of utilities. States can use SUAs, which are standard amounts that represent low-income household utility costs in the state or local area. Currently, all LIHEAP participants who receive a minimum benefit are eligible for the SUA for determining SNAP income eligibility. (Sec.10104) This section prohibits any service fee associated with an internet connection from being used in computing the excess shelter expense deduction for the purposes of determining the size of household SNAP benefits. (Sec. 10105) This section establishes state-matching fund requirements for the cost of SNAP program allotments beginning in FY2028. The state contribution ranges from 0% to 15% for the cost of SNAP program allotments and is based on the state’s SNAP payment error rate. Currently, the state match is 0%. For FY2028, a state may elect either the FY2025 or FY2026 payment error rate to calculate its state-matching fund requirement. For FY2029 and each fiscal year thereafter, the state match is calculated using the payment error rate that is three fiscal years prior. Any state that has a payment error rate that is less than 6% will have a state match of 0% (i.e., the state does not have to contribute). A state with a payment error rate that is at least 6% but less than 8% must contribute 5%, at least 8% but less than 10% must contribute 10%, and 10% or greater must contribute 15%. (Sec. 10106) This section reduces the amount that USDA may pay a state agency for administrative costs for the operation of SNAP to 25% of all administrative costs beginning in FY2027 and for each fiscal year thereafter. Currently, USDA must pay 50% of all administrative costs, thus this section increases the state share of administrative costs from 50% to 75%. (Sec. 10107) This section eliminates funding for the SNAP Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Grant Program (SNAP-ED). (Sec. 10108) This section limits SNAP benefits to individuals who reside in the United States and are (1) U.S. citizens or U.S. nationals; (2) aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence as an immigrant, with exceptions; (3) aliens who have been granted the status of Cuban or Haitian entrant; or (4) individuals who are lawfully residing in the United States in accordance with the Compacts of Free Association between the United States and Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau. Currently, SNAP eligibility extends to additional individuals who are classified as an alien under federal law, including an alien who has qualified for conditional entry under the asylum and refugee laws. Subtitle B-- Forestry (Sec. 10201) This section rescinds certain funds provided to the Forest Service as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. For example, this includes the rescission of funds for the protection of old-growth forests on National Forest System land, grants for nonfederal forest landowners for climate mitigation or forest resilience practices, grants for state and private forestry conservation programs for tree planting, and administrative costs for the National Forest System to implement these and other related programs. Subtitle C--Commodities This subtitle amends and extends commodity support programs. For example, the subtitle extends the Price Loss Coverage Program, the Agricultural Risk Coverage Program, and Dairy Margin Coverage through crop year 2031. It also modifies various requirements for the programs. (Sec. 10313) This section provides for a number of changes to Dairy Margin Coverage (DMC), which include changing the definition of production history to remove the consideration of production at the time the dairy operation first registered to participate in the DMC program; setting production history for the DMC program as the highest annual milk marketings for participating dairies during calendar year 2021, 2022, or 2023; raising the coverage limit to the first 6 million pounds for both Tier I and Tier II premiums, from the first 5 million pounds; and allowing producers to receive a 25% premium discount for a one-time premium election covering calendar years 2026-2031. Subtitle D--Disaster Assistance Programs This subtitle expands the types of eligible losses covered under the permanently authorized agricultural disaster assistance programs, which include the Livestock Indemnity Program; the Livestock Forage Disaster Program; the Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees, and Farm-Raised Fish Program; and the Tree Assistance Program. This subtitle also increases coverage levels and lowers the threshold for triggering payments for certain eligible losses. Subtitle E--Crop Insurance This subtitle increases certain crop insurance premium subsidies and increases additional premium subsidies available for beginning farmers and ranchers. The subtitle also increases coverage levels for Supplemental Coverage Option and Whole Farm Revenue Protection policies, increases support for administrative and operating costs incurred by approved crop insurance providers, and increases funds available for program compliance and integrity. In addition, this subtitle provides for the establishment of a Poultry Insurance Pilot Program in order to provide index-based insurance for contract poultry growers. Subtitle F--Additional Investments in Rural America (Sec. 10601) This section reauthorizes or modifies the funding levels for the following programs through FY2031: Agriculture Conservation Easement Program (ACEP), Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP), Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP), Grassroots Source Water Protection Program, Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentive Program, Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations Program, and Feral Swine Eradication and Control Pilot Program. This section also rescinds the unobligated funds that were provided for the ACEP, EQIP, CSP, and RCPP conservation programs as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. (Sec. 10602) This section directs USDA to carry out a program to encourage the accessibility, development, maintenance, and expansion of commercial export markets for U.S. agricultural commodities. This section also provides $285 million in mandatory funding for the program for FY2027 and each fiscal year thereafter. (Sec. 10603) This section extends funding for the Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) through FY2031. TEFAP provides food commodities (and cash support for storage and distribution costs) through states to local emergency feeding organizations (e.g., food banks). (Sec. 10604) This section reauthorizes and provides funding for a number of USDA research initiatives. For example, this section provides specified funds to the 1890 National Scholars Program for FY2026 for student scholarships. This National Institute of Food and Agriculture program provides grants to 1890 Institutions (i.e., historically Black colleges and universities that belong to the U.S. land-grant university system) for students who intend to pursue a career in the food and agricultural sciences. This section provides the Specialty Crop Research Initiative with $175 million in mandatory funding for FY2026. Currently, the program is funded at $80 million for each fiscal year. This section also provides funding for competitive grants to assist in the construction, alteration, acquisition, modernization, renovation, or remodeling of Agricultural Research Facilities. (Sec. 10605) This section reauthorizes, and extends funding for, the bi [Excerpt ends here. Read the full official summary at the source.]

Congressional Research Service summary (Passed Senate) — excerpt, quoted unchanged (nonpartisan). Read the source.

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If it passes both chambers and is signed, it becomes law.

A “Nay” vote

If it is not passed, current law stays as it is.

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What does this mean? (plain words)

Official text

An act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14.

Source: Congressional Research Service summary (Passed Senate) — excerpt

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How did my representative vote? · This bill's floor votes

Officials and money

Sponsor: Rep. Arrington, Jodey C. [R-TX-19] · 0 cosponsors

Cost estimate: CBO cost estimate: Estimated Budgetary Effects of H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (2025-06-04); CBO cost estimate: H.R. 1, One Big Beautiful Bill Act (Dynamic Estimate) (2025-06-17); CBO cost estimate: Information About the Budgetary Effects of an Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute to H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, as posted on the website of the Senate Committee on the Budget on June 27, 2025 (2025-06-28); CBO cost estimate: Estimated Budgetary Effects of an Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute to H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Relative to the Budget Enforcement Baseline for Consideration in the Senate (2025-06-29); CBO cost estimate: Estimated Budgetary Effects of an Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute to H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Relative to CBO's January 2025 Baseline (2025-06-29); CBO cost estimate: Estimated Budgetary Effects of Title VII, Finance, Within an Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute to H.R. 1 (2025-06-29); CBO cost estimate: Information Concerning the Budgetary Effects of H.R. 1, as Passed by the Senate on July 1, 2025 (2025-07-02); CBO cost estimate: Estimated Budgetary Effects of Public Law 119-21, to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14, Relative to the Budget Enforcement Baseline for Consideration in the Senate (2025-07-21); CBO cost estimate: Estimated Budgetary Effects of Public Law 119-21, to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14, Relative to CBO’s January 2025 Baseline (2025-07-21)

Sponsor's campaign money: Rep. Arrington, Jodey C. [R-TX-19] reported raising $1.7 million (2025–2026). Details. Shown for context only; it does not mean any donor supported this bill.

Recorded votes

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Authorization
A law that creates or continues a government program and says what it may do, often with a suggested spending ceiling. An authorization alone does not provide money; a separate appropriation does.
Ballot initiative
A proposed law or constitutional amendment that citizens place on the ballot by gathering enough voter signatures, so voters decide it directly. About half the states allow some form of it.
Bill
A proposed law. It becomes law only if it passes the legislature and is signed by the president or governor (or a veto is overridden).
Exemption
A rule that removes certain people, property or activities from a tax or requirement.
Filibuster
Using long debate or other delay to block or slow a vote in the U.S. Senate.
Fiscal year
The 12-month period a government uses for its budget. The federal fiscal year runs from October 1 to September 30 and is named for the calendar year in which it ends. Most states use July 1 to June 30.
Resolution
A formal statement or decision by a legislative body. Simple resolutions often only express an opinion or set rules for one chamber; they do not become law.
Statute
A written law passed by a legislature. A statute can be changed by a later law; changing a constitution needs an amendment.

Plain meanings written from linked sources. All words.

Sources

Record fed-us-cong119-hr1 · catalog fed-us-congress-bills-cong119 · updated 2026-11-07 by psicol-priority-v002